The Relevance of Organizational Behavior as a Management...

Organizational Behavior: Managing People Objective The objective of this study is to assume the position as principal of a school and to undertake a critical evaluation of the relevance of organizational behavior as a management perspective. The response will emphasize the importance of interpersonal relations, facilitation of group/teams and leadership in improving organizational performance and reflect the knowledge and understanding of the key theoretical concepts and best practices. Background The management process is centered on organizing people into working groups that are effective. A group is reported to be defined as two or more interdependent individuals interacting nd influencing each other in a collective pursuit of a common goal. (Bartol, et al, 2005, p. 461) Thre is reported to be no clearly agreed view of what an organization is ¦ (Bennett, 2001, p.99) Therefore, it can be understood that the reasons that organizations exist is to apply a group effort toward goal achievement. The role played by organizations is significant in nature and the individual is born into organizations for the purpose of play, work, and study. The school principal manages a unique organization that includes various actors and stakeholders and as noted in the work of Thompson (2003) there is a natural division within the large discipline of an organization that can be characterized as micro and macro. (p.1) The school principal must lead in manner that is positiveShow MoreRelatedTran sition From Direct And Organizational Leadership1112 Words   |  5 Pagesdirect and organizational leadership to the strategic level. Successful strategic leaders attain a high level of self-awareness to ensure their relevance and effectiveness in addressing adaptive problems. As an Army Special Operations Forces (ARSOF) senior leader I will work alongside joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and multinational (JIIM) stakeholders at the strategic level within the next 12 months. A large portion my work will occur within foreign countries. My relevance within thisRead MoreUnderstanding The Core Self Evaluation Scale1646 Words   |  7 PagesDoran, Hall and Laschinger (2010) linked antecedent variables to intra-group conflict among nurses. The purpose was to develop and test a theoretical model, which linked antecedent variables to intragroup conflict among nurses, followed by conflict management and two outcome variables (Almost, et al., 2010). The authors used Cox’ s (2008) Critical Theory, where conflict is deemed a process, with antecedents and outcomes. The method of the study was a predictive non-experimental survey that tested theRead MorePerformance Management Systems Are Important For A Wide1376 Words   |  6 PagesPerformance management systems are important for a wide range of reasons, and can be used for multiple purposes. One of these reasons is to help make good employment decisions, such as deciding who to promote within an organization. In order to make effective promotion decisions for mid-level information technology (IT) managers, it is necessary to outline the domain that performance takes place in, which is discussed in the first section. In the next section, criterion measures for relevant performanceRead MoreThe Performance Of The Pioneer Company Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesperformance management systems to encourage a holistic approach for the project evaluation efficiency. Systems have evolved from what was esse ntially a method of accounting performance measurement in a diverse range of performance statistics for each specifically designed to assess various attributes of organizational importance. The literature review reflects the philosophy of a performance management system and its relevance in the current industry practice. The potential application of management modelsRead MoreClassroom Management And The Environment989 Words   |  4 PagesClassroom management is integral to the environment in which students learn. Classroom management serves to regulate the behaviors, practices and focus of students to elicit participation. When enacted in a culturally responsive way, classroom management extends to consider how a student’s culture influences their motivations and behaviors. Calloway indicates, â€Å"a positive relationship was found to exist between classroom management and cultural teaching† (Calloway, n.d, p. 5). Responsive teachingRead MoreLiterature Review: Work Safety and Total Quality Management (TQM)1434 Words   |  6 PagesWork Safety and Total Quality Management (TQM): Literature Review Worker safety is a factor of critical importance to organizational management. The prevention of workplace accidents, the provision of proper safety equipment, the use of effective training methods, the presence of well-enunciated first-aid procedures and the existence of a consistent policy where safety procedures are concerned all will contribute to the overall safety of a working environment. In turn, the maintenance of a soundRead MoreRegulatory Compliance Controls1712 Words   |  7 Pagescontrols are valued by the equity market with good reason. Buzzetto, N. A. (2011). Management in a web 2.0 world: Risks and counter-measures. [Proceedings of Informing Science IT Education Conference (InSITE) 2011.] This paper explored the perceptions of managers considered to be digital natives with regard to information security risks, and the responsibilities of management for risk avoidance and risk management in their enterprises. The study outcomes point to high concerns about misuse of ITRead MoreExploring The Effectiveness Of Team Building919 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the Management 345 Course there have been many opportunities to explore the effectiveness of team building, both in theory and practical application. Within our community project team, we were challenged with working through the logical and creative problem solving techniques to come up with our successful solutions. The course work and team project has helped gain a good perspective from within as team member but, more importantly a gained understanding of how behaviors and personalityRead MoreLearning Theories, Organizational Behaviors, and the Case Study of Joe Salatino2016 Words   |  8 PagesLearning Theorie s, Organizational Behaviors, the Case of Joe Salatino Abstract The paper uses a case study of a fictional business owner and President Joe Salatino. The case study provides a concise description of the work environment and company culture. The paper references learning theories and concepts from organizational behavior to provide insight as to potential improvements to the Salatinos organization. The paper examines aspects of the case study to offer insight as to how theRead MoreUsing Selection Processes for Selecting Potential Employees to Maintain Efficiency and Staffing Quotas815 Words   |  4 Pagesadministrator conducting the interview. In a sense a good recruiter or interview administrator acts like a good counselor. Three behavioral dimensions in particular, were related to better outcomes. The first dimension was non-directive counseling behavior (Bies and Moag, 1986). Most effective interviewers made reference to the job candidates feelings, summarized their statements, and made interesting comments. The second dimension was their listening skills. An interviewer should talk less, nod

Media s Ideal Body Image - 1804 Words

Media’s â€Å"Ideal Body Image† Magazines, commercials, social media, TV shows, movies, and runways, among other outlets, all contribute to constructing the ideal image of what a â€Å"perfect girl† is supposed to look like. But what exactly is perfection? How can someone possibly define such a dynamic characteristic? These portrayed images of â€Å"perfection† set out by media affect the self- esteem of teenage girls, crate cases of eating disorders, and often create cases of bullying. The media should eliminate the idea of â€Å"perfection†, and allow their audiences to witness the truth behind beauty. A teenager’s life revolves around media. According to a recent study conducted by Pew Research Center, this statement claims to stand true. â€Å"Aided by the†¦show more content†¦For years, media has been spoon-feeding girls with the idea that they can only be beautiful if they have a certain set of qualities. Qualities like healthy hair, clear skin, full lips, perky breasts, long legs, curvy hips, and oversized rears. What is behind the reason that so many teenage girls are unhappy with themselves? Why do many of these girls have a desire to fulfill the given stencil of a â€Å"perfect† girl? Because of the way American media defines and advertises beauty. As most people have noticed, most models and celebrities in the media share many physical characteristics, and many teenagers feel pressured to have bodies like they do in order to feel important. They believe that the bodies of these models are the most ideal bodies, since they are seen and admired everywhere and anywhere they look, and thus desire to resemble them. With these depicted images and the struggle that come with trying to imitate them comes issues. Issues like self-esteem, eating disorders, and even bullying. Teenage girls in our society are constantly entitled to act, look, and feel a certain way. The pressures that are placed on these girls, to meet a certain standard, often create a sense of failure when such standards aren’t met. â€Å"Self-esteem is a widely-used concept both in popular language and in psychology. It refers to an individual s sense of his or her value or worth, or the extent to which a person values, approves of, appreciates, prizes, or likesShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders : The Media s Ideal Body Image1861 Words   |  8 PagesPeople are often exposed to the media s ideal body image, whether it s through magazines, television, toys (e.g. Barbie dolls), or social media, it is almost impossible to avoid it. There are numerous of people who desire to look the way the world defines beauty. And although this may not seem like so much of a bad thing, this can lead to hardships for many people. This type of influence has caused countless individuals to endure an eating disorder in order to get the body they wish to have. Eating disordersRead MoreSocial Media s Ideal Body Image For Woman1524 Words   |  7 Pagesand â€Å"womanly† (Merriam Webster/Femininity). When images for â€Å"femi ninity† are researched, most depict beautiful, perfectly made up, extremely skinny women wearing pink clothing with long, flowing hair. This photo description is social media’s ideal body image for woman. Because of this, sixty nine percent of girls in fifth through twelfth grade reported that pictures on certain types of social media influenced their perception of the ideal body image and forty seven percent of girls in that same ageRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Body Image1538 Words   |  7 Pagesthe concept of body image is influenced by external factors as culture, society norms, especially with the development of modern social media, it has grown up to be an important element in affecting the perception of body image to shape the body image. The influence of mass media may be related to the social comparison process of appearance in female and male. The ideal media body image, it is easy to compare in everyday life, and that will result to dissatisfaction with people s body size. On theRead MoreThe Advertising Of Diet Plans And Supplements Essay1702 Words   |  7 PagesToday s society is constantly presented with misrepresentations of the ideal body image through the advertising of diet plans and supplements. Companies in the fitness industry scam people into buying useless products or services by advertising with individuals that have, what the mass media sees as, the perfect body composition. In addition to getting consumers to buy into a product or service, these companies also aid society with the spreading of this fake idea of what classifies as theRead MoreHow Media Influence Has Increased Dramatically Over The Past Three Decades1069 Words   |  5 PagesBeautiful Inside and Out â€Å"Healthy body image is not something that you re going to learn from fashion magazines,† (Shapiro) said Erin Heatherton, a Victoria Secret’s model since 2008. Media influence has increased considerably over the past three decades, whether it’s been through television, social media, or tabloids. The number of televisions has also increased in America since the 1950’s and most American have access to a television. Consequently, the images and attitudes are portrayed to theRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Women1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe way the media portrays the female gender is far from realistic, and consequently, the pressure to put your ‘best’ self forward has never been more prevalent. Each time I see a model on the cover of a magazine, or even a slightly altered photo, I find myself making comparisons. Unfortunately, even knowing that most cover images are digitally altered, the question of how my own body measures up still haun ts me. Since the average American female will collect over 250,000 persuasive media messages byRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Body Image1453 Words   |  6 Pagestoday that media and body image are closely related. Particularly, how the body image advertising portrays effects our own body image. It has been documented in adolescents as they are more at risk for developing unhealthy attitudes toward their bodies. They are at a time where they re focused on developing their individual identities, making them susceptible to social pressure and media images. A major reason many people have a negative body image is because of the impact that media has had onRead MoreAnalysis Of Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs 1179 Words   |  5 Pagesand television are employed in their every day lives . From these new technologies, Americans can connect with the media and they are constantly attacked by the messages of the media. A superior message the media is depicting is ultra-thin as a refer ence point of beauty. Everyday an abundance of women are bombarded with the media s concept and interpretation of the flawless body. The photos being represented in popular magazines typically issued for women all over the country are impracticalRead MoreSocial Media Has a Negative Effect on Body Image and Self Esteem1202 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media has become one of the most popular sources of communication for the upcoming generation. For young people growing up in today’s society, social media outlets such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter have provided pictures and news that have become the first thing that their eyes see in the morning and the last thing that they see before bed. These pictures have provided unrealistic standards as to what is considered beautiful in today’s society. As young people refer to these images as aRead MoreTodays Unrealistic Body Expectations1311 Words   |  5 Pagesmeasures, most of the time, spending countless hours in the gym trying to achieve that perfect body. Body image is evident in the gym, as the men are lifting weights they are frequently looking in the mirror examining every angle of their body making sure no area is lacking muscle. On the other hand, women tend to partake in the same behavior as men, showing a sense of insecurity about their own bodies, frequently making trips to the scale to keep track of their weight making sure to stay slim and

Nestle Strategic Management - 2356 Words

SYMBIOSIS INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES Assignment 1: STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT â€Å"Nestle: Case study- SWOT ANALYSIS, PEST ANALYSIS, STRATEGIES† Faculty: Dr. Kasturi Shukla Submitted by: Ms. Nikita Dhanuka 13040141036 INTRODUCTION Starting business in 1866 Henri Nestlà © already understood the importance of collaboration and branding. Now, the company has grown into the world’s leading Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company and its mission statement is Good Food, Good Life, which means providing consumers with the best-tasting, most nutritious choices in a wide range of food and beverage categories to suit any occasion. Nestlà © is present in 117 countries all over the world. Food and eating habits vary from country to†¦show more content†¦Economic condition varies from country to country. Before starting the baby milk has focus on the above factors. These are the factors that Nestle has to consider before setting corporate objectives. Global economic turmoil has major influence on Nestle business because customers are spending less and they have to adopt different strategies in order to run business smoothly. Social Analysis: Social or cultural environment had great impact on Nestle. The main focus of social/ cultural includes the Social change involves changing attitudes and lifestyles. The social and cultural environment is constantly changing. A different country has different culture (language, religious beliefs, food, family, clothing and their lifestyle). Nestle has to develop strategies which are according to belief and culture in multicultural country like UK. Every country has different consumer taste and lifestyle and Nestle has to develop effective strategies in order to meet different lifestyle consumer behaviour. Company is totally dependent on the consumer lifestyle and their attitude. Product or services cannot be successful until company has enough information about the consumer lifestyle. Nestle has to take social and cultural factors under consideration in order to achieve their strategic objectives. Technological Analysis: Technological change has the most rapid,Show MoreRelatedStrategic Management Nestle3616 Words   |  15 Pageswill focus on Nestle SA and will look into the industry the company is competing in. Based on various strategic analysis models the report will evaluate why the company has been so successful over the past century and how is Nestle managing to sustain constant growth and achieve great performance in the food and beverage industry. Company Background The Nestle Company started in 1866 with a one man’s idea and then it turned into one of the world’s biggest corporations. Henri Nestle was a pharmacistRead MoreNestle: Strategic Management and Swot Analysis1862 Words   |  8 Pagesanalyze the company of Nestlà © to into the Singapore market. It is going to introduce company and country background, after that it will analyze the company of Nestlà © and Singapore market by using SWOT analysis, PEST analysis and Porter’s 5 Forces. Finally, it will have recommendation and conclusion to follow it. 2. Company background Henri Nestlà © founded Nestlà © in 1866 in Switzerland. It is the largest food company in the world. Some of products are produced from Nestlà © include baby food, coffeeRead MoreEssay on Strategic Management Case Study on Swiss-based Nestle3311 Words   |  14 Pagesprovides a case analysis and case solution to a Harvard Business School strategic management case study on Swiss-based Nestle, the world’s largest food and beverage company with 2007 sales exceeding CHF100 billion or about US$112 billion(Bell Shelman, 2009, p. 1). While extensive background information dating to Nestle’s 1867 founding is provided, the primary time setting for the case is April 2008, shortly after 29-year Nestle veteran Paul Bulcke advances to the position of CEO, replacing BrabeckRead MoreEtop Analysis of Nestle Strategic Management8752 Words   |  36 Pagesproject on consumer prefernce b/w nestle and cadbury ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I too would like to do it as I really wish to express my gratitude toward all those who have been helpful to me directly or indirectly during the development of this project. I would like to thank my faculty Ms. Neha Gautam who was always there to help and guide me when I needed help. I am thankful to ma’am for her encouraging and valuable support. Working under her was an extremely knowledgeable and enriching experience for meRead MoreEvaluating The Strategic Factors And Approaches Of Nestle Company1429 Words   |  6 PagesNestle Introduction The purpose of this assignment is to evaluate Nestle Company industry based on the case study and comprehend how the company develops strategic intent for their business organizations following the strategic factors and approaches. I will analyze the strategic management process as firm used to achieve strategic competitiveness. In order to strengthen this assignment about Nestle, there are several methods of gathering data has been conducted, such as Core Competencies analysisRead MoreNestle, A Swiss Company Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesNestlà © SA, a Swiss company founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlà ©. At the beginning, Nestlà © Company focussed in selling infant milk, which provided a substitute for mothers who were unable to breast feed their infant or infants who were unable to suckle their mother’s milk (Nestle.com). Henri Nestles product became a success, creating demand throughout Europe. Nestlà © s product’s reputation grew, more businesses wanted to merge and become partners with Henri Nestlà © s business. From 1866 to 1947, the Nestlà ©Read MoreSuccess Of The Enterprise Management Strategy Change1507 Words   |  7 Pagesmore important to the success of the enterprise management strategy change. Ford, for example, is a famous auto company with a long history, as the second largest car factory ford does have a unique business. While ford cars gradually established production bases in different parts of the world, and has formed the independent status of the world s affiliates. During the period of the competition to follow, the ford motor is used to keep the strategic advantage for a long time, facing the JapaneseRead MoreNestle - Global Strategy Case1650 Words   |  7 Pages1.What is the company’s strategy with regard to business development in emerging markets? Does this strategy make sense? From the NESTLE : GLOBAL STRATEGY case, it can be seen that Nestle generally operates worldwide with the strategy of customization rather than globalization. It moves into consumer markets by using Niche market strategy to become the market leader in each of the niches. It mainly focuses on European markets, which make up 70 percent of its sales. As mentioned, these markets areRead MoreNestle’s Sustainable Growth in Mature Market1512 Words   |  7 Pagessustainable growth in mature market The company establishment Nestle was first founded by Henri Neslte in the 1860s by developing and producing food products for babies who could not adapt mother’s milk. Following the success in baby food products, Henri incorporated with an Anglo-Swiss condensed milk company to develop dairy products, especially for government supply in World War I. High sensitive and quick responding to the demand of consumer, Nestle continued to create and develop new product mix to cannedRead MoreAlignment of Hr Practices with Business Strategy5515 Words   |  23 Pages25 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (HRM) INTRODUCTION This Assignment reveals how Nestle is able to integrate and align it’s HRM practices with the overall business strategy, able to manage the responsibility of identifying, attracting, selecting and moulding employees and provides an evaluation of their recruitment processes and policies .It further discusses the strategic link between Nestles performance management system and its development initiatives and examines Nestles approach to employee

Auteur Theory Howard Hawks and Martin Scorsese Essay...

Use a range of auteur theories to examine the work of two significant directors you have studied on this module. One director should have produced the majority of their work prior to 1960 and the other should have produced it from the 1970s onwards. Discuss the origins and main developments of auteur theory then examine the works of Howard Hawks and Martin Scorsese with relevance to their status as auteur directors. In having their films examined as auteurs of the cinema, both Howard Hawks and Martin Scorsese have been described as great artists whose body of work demonstrates repeated themes and motifs, that put in context reveals a particular belief and world view that is held by the director. In fact, Hawks was among the first†¦show more content†¦Astruc, along with Andre Bazin and the other reviewers of the Cahiers du Cinema developed these principles into what is known as the politique des auteurs. These critics wanted great film to be considered as an art form worthy of the attention given to great literature, music or art. The emphasis behind the politique des auteurs was to oppose the â€Å"established French film criticism with its support for a ‘quality’ cinema of serious social themes† (Cook and Bernink, 240). Though it also stressed that a director could transcend the industrial nature of filmmaking to stamp a unique vision and world view on their films a nd so deserve consideration comparable to an artist of the classical forms. This is highlighted by Jean-Luc Godard’s boast that â€Å"having it acknowledged that a film by Hitchcock, for example, is as important as a book by Aragon. Film authors, thanks to us, have finally entered the history of art† (Godard, 147). Godard was one of the critics who were known as the ‘young Turks’ which also included Francois Truffaut. A certain tendency of the French Cinema (1954) was the article that for many confirmed auteurism as a theory and gave the Cahiers a sense of direction that it was lacking. Principle to this newShow MoreRelatedScorsese1744 Words   |  7 Pagesrange of auteur theories to examine the work of two significant directors you have studied on this module. One director should have produced the majority of their work prior to 1960 and the other should have produced it from the 1970s onwards. Discuss the origins and main developments of auteur theory then examine the works of Howard Hawks and Martin Scorsese with relevance to their status as auteur directors. In having their films examined as auteurs of the cinema, both Howard Hawks and Martin

Gay Parenting Essay Introduction Example For Students

Gay Parenting Essay Introduction Lesbian and Gay ParentingI. SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS Charlotte J. Patterson University of Virginia Like families headed by heterosexual parents, lesbian and gay parents and their children are a diverse group (Martin, 1993). Unlike heterosexual parents and their children, however, lesbian and gay parents and their children are often subject toprejudice because of sexual orientation that turns judges, legislators, professionals, and the public against them, frequentlyresulting in negative outcomes such as loss of physical custody, restrictions on visitation, and prohibitions against adoption(Falk, 1989; Editors of the Harvard Law Review, 1990). As with all socially stigmatized groups, the beliefs held generally insociety about lesbians and gay men are often not based in personal experience, but are instead culturally transmitted (Herek,1991). The purpose of this summary of research findings on lesbian and gay parents and their children is to assist psychologistsand other professionals to evaluate widespread beliefs in the light of empirical data and in this way ameliorate the negativeeffects of unwarranted prejudice. Because many beliefs about lesbian and gay parents and their children are open to empiric al test, psychological research canevaluate their accuracy. Systematic research comparing lesbian and gay adults to heterosexual adults only began in the late1950s, and research comparing children of gay and lesbian parents with those of heterosexual parents is of a more recentvintage. Research on lesbian and gay adults began with Evelyn Hookers landmark study (1957) and culminated with thedeclassification of homosexuality as a mental disorder in 1973 (Gonsiorek, 1991). Case reports on children of gay and lesbianparents began to appear in the psychiatric literature in the early 1970s (e.g., Osman, 1972; Weeks, Derdeyn, ; Langman,1975) and have continued to appear (e.g., Agbayewa, 1984). Beginning with the pioneering work of Martin and Lyon (1972),first person and fictionalized descriptions of life in lesbian mother families have also become available (e.g., Alpert, 1988;Clausen, 1985; Jullion, 1985; Mager, 1975; Perreault, 1975; Pollock ; Vaughn, 1987; Rafkin, 1990). Systematic rese arch onthe children of lesbian and gay parents did not, however, begin to appear in major professional journals until 1978, and most ofthe available research has been published more recently. As this summary will show, the results of existing research comparing gay and lesbian parents to heterosexual parents andchildren of gay or lesbian parents to children of heterosexual parents are quite uniform: common sterotypes are not supportedby the data. Without denying the clarity of results to date, it is important also for psychologists and other professionals to be aware thatresearch in this area has presented a variety of methodological challenges, not all of which have been surmounted in everystudy. As is true in any area of research, questions have been raised with regard to sampling issues, statistical power, and othertechnical matters (e.g., Belcastro, Gramlich, Nicholson, Price, ; Wilson, 1993); no individual study is entirely invincible to suchcriticism. One criticism of this bod y of research (Belcastro et al., 1993) has been that the research lacks external validity because it maynot be representative of the larger population of lesbian and gay parents. This criticism is not justified, because nobody knowsthe actual composition of the entire population of lesbian mothers, gay fathers, or their children (many of whom choose toremain hidden) and hence researchers cannot possible evaluate the degree to which particular samples do or do not representthe population. In the long run, it is not the results obtained from any one specific sample, but the accumulation of findings frommany different samples that will be most meaningful. Research in this area has also been criticized for using poorly matched or no control groups in designs that call for suchcontrols. Particularly notable in this category has been the tendency in some studies to compare development among children ofa group of divorced lesbian mothers, many of whom are living with lesbian partners, to t hat among children of a group ofdivorced heterosexual mothers who are not currently living with heterosexual partners. It will be important for future research todisentangle maternal sexual orientation from maternal status as partnered or unpartnered. Other criticisms have been that most studies have involved relatively small samples, that there have been inadequacies inassessment procedures employed in some studies, and that the classification of parents as lesbian, gay, or heterosexual hassometimes been problematic (e.g., some women classified by researchers as lesbian might be regarded as bisexual by otherobservers). It is significant, however, that even with all the questions and/or limitations that may characterize research in thearea, none of the published research suggests conclusions different from those that will be summarized below. This summary consists of four sections. In the first, results of research on lesbian and gay adults (and parents) are summarized. In the second section, a summary of results from research comparing children of lesbian and gay parents with those ofheterosexual parents or with established norms is presented. The third section summarizes research on heterogeneity amonglesbian and gay families with children. The fourth section provides a brief conclusion. A. Lesbian and Gay Parents One belief that often underlies both judicial decision-making in custody litigation and public policies governing foster care andadoption has been the belief that lesbians and gay men are not fit to be parents. In particular, courts have sometimes assumedthat gay men and lesbians are mentally ill, that lesbians are less maternal than heterosexual women, and that lesbians and gaymens relationships with sexual partners leave little time for ongoing parent-child interactions (Editors of the Harvard LawReview, 1990). Results of research to date have failed to confirm any of these beliefs (Falk, 1989, 1994; Patterson, 1994b,1995b, 1996). Ment al Health of Lesbians and Gay Men The psychiatric, psychological, and social-work professions do not consider homosexual orientation to be a mental disorder. More than 20 years ago, the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders,stating that homosexuality per se implies no impairment in judgment, stability, reliability, or general social or vocationalcapabilities (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). In 1975, the American Psychological Association took the sameposition and urged all mental health professionals to help dispel the stigma of mental illness that had long been associated withhomosexual orientation (American Psychological Association, 1975). The National Association of Social Workers has a similarpolicy (National Association of Social Workers, 1994). The decision to remove homosexual orientation from the list of mental disorders reflects the results of extensive research,conducted over three decades, showing that homosexual orientation is not a psychological maladjustment (Gonsiorek, 1991;Reiss, 1980; Hart, Roback, Tittler, Weitz, Walston, ; McKee, 1978). The social and other ci rcumstances in which lesbiansand gay men live, including exposure to widespread prejudice and discrimination, often cause acute distress; but there is noreliable evidence that homosexual orientation per se impairs psychological functioning (Freedman, 1971; Gonsiorek, 1991;Hart et al., 1978; Hooker, 1957; Reiss, 1980). Fitness of Lesbians and Gay Men as Parents Beliefs that gay and lesbian adults are not fit parents likewise have no empirical foundation (Cramer, 1986; Falk, 1989; Gibbs,1988; Patterson, 1996). Lesbian and heterosexual women have not been found to differ markedly either in their overall mentalhealth or in their approaches to child rearing (Kweskin ; Cook, 1982; Lyons, 1983; Miller, Jacobsen, ; Bigner, 1981;Mucklow ; Phelan, 1979; Pagelow, 1980; Rand, Graham, ; Rawlings, 1982; Thompson, McCandless, ; Strickland, 1971),nor have lesbians romantic and sexual relationships with other women been found to detract from their ability to care for theirchildren (Pagelow, 1980). R ecent evidence suggests that lesbian couples who are parenting together tend to divide householdand family labor relatively evenly (Hand, 1991; Patterson, 1995a) and to report satisfaction with their couple relationships (Koepke, Hare, Moran, 1992; Patterson, 1995a). Research on gay fathers hassimilarly found no reason to believe them unfit as parents (Barret Robinson, 1990; Bigner and Bozett, 1990; Bozett, 1980,1989). B. Children of Lesbian and Gay Parents In addition to judicial concerns about gay and lesbian parents themselves, courts have voiced three major kinds of fears abouteffects of lesbian or gay parents on children. The first general concern is that development of sexual identity will be impaired among children of lesbian or gay parents-forinstance, that children brought up by gay fathers or lesbian mothers will show disturbances in gender identity and/or in genderrole behavior (Falk, 1989; Hitchens Kirkpatrick, 1985; Kleber, Howell, Tibbits-Kleber, 1986). It has also beensuggested that children brought up by lesbian mothers or gay fathers will themselves become gay or lesbian (Falk, 1989;Kleber et al., 1986). A second category of concerns involves aspects of childrens personal development other than sexual identity (Falk, 1989;Editors of the Harvard Law Review, 1990; Kleber et al., 1986). For example, courts have expressed fears that children in thecustody of gay or lesbian parents will be more vulnerable to mental breakdown, will exhibit more adjustment difficulties andbehavior problems, and will be less psychologically healthy than children growing up in homes with heterosexual parents. A third category of specific fears expressed by the courts is that children of lesbian and gay parents may experience difficultiesin social relationships (Editors of the Harvard Law Review, 1990; Falk, 1989; Hitchens ; Kirkpatrick, 1985). For example,judges have repeatedly expressed concern that children living with lesbian mothers may be stigmatized, teased, or otherwisetraumatized by peers. Another common fear is that children living with gay or lesbian parents may be more likely to be sexuallyabused by the parent or by the parents friends or acquaintances. Sexual Identity Three aspects of sexual identity are considered in the research: gender identity concerns a persons self-identification as male orfemale; gender-role behavior concerns the extent to which a persons activities, occupations, and the like are regarded by theculture as masculine, feminine, or both; sexual orientation refers to a persons choice of sexual partnersi.e., heterosexual,homosexual, or bisexual (Money Earhardt, 1972; Stein, 1993). To examine the possibility that children in the custody oflesbian mothers or gay fathers experience disruptions of sexual identity, research relevant to each of these three major areas ofconcern is summarized below. Gender identity. In studies of children ranging in age from 5 to 14, results of projective testing and related interview procedures have revealed normal development of gender identity among children of lesbian mothers (Green, 1978; Green,Mandel, Hotvedt, Gray, Smith, 1986; Kirkpatrick, Smith, Roy, 1981). More direct assessment techniques to assessgender identity have been used by Golombok, Spencer, and Rutter (1983) with the same result; all children in this studyreported that they were happy with their gender, and that they had no wish to be a member of the opposite sex. There was noevidence in any of the studies of gender identity difficulties among children of lesbian mothers. No data have been reported inthis area for children of gay fathers. Gender-Role Behavior. A number of studies have examined gender-role behavior among the offspring of lesbian mothers(Golombok et al., 1983; Gottman, 1990; Green, 1978; Hoeffer, 1981; Kirkpatrick et al., 1981; Patterson, 1994a). Thesestudies reported that such behavior among children of lesbian mothers fell within typical limits for conventional sex roles. Fo rinstance, Kirkpatrick and her colleagues (1981) found no differences between children of lesbian versus heterosexual mothersin toy preferences, activities, interests, or occupational choices. Rees (1979) administered the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) to 24 adolescents, half of whom had divorced lesbian and halfof whom had divorced heterosexual mothers. The BSRI yields scores on masculinity and femininity as independent factors andan androgyny score from the ratio of masculinity to femininity. Children of lesbian and heterosexual mothers did not differ onmasculinity or on androgyny, but children of lesbian mothers reported greater psychological femininity than did those ofheterosexual mothers. This result would seem to run counter to expectations based on stereotypes of lesbians as lacking infemininity, both in their own demeanor and in their likely influences on children. Sex role behavior of children was also assessed by Green and his colleagues (1986). In interviews with the chil dren, nodifferences between 56 children of lesbian and 48 children of heterosexual mothers were found with respect to favoritetelevision programs, favorite television characters, or favorite games or toys. There was some indication in interviews withchildren themselves that the offspring of lesbian mothers had less sex-typed preferences for activities at school and in theirneighborhoods than did children of heterosexual mothers. Consistent with this result, lesbian mothers were also more likely thanheterosexual mothers to report that their daughters often participated in rough-and-tumble play or occasionally played withmasculine toys such as trucks or guns; however, they reported no differences in these areas for sons. Lesbian mothers wereno more or less likely than heterosexual mothers to report that their children often played with feminine toys such as dolls. Inboth family types, however, childrens sex-role behavior was seen as falling within normal limits. In summary, the resear ch suggests that children of lesbian mothers develop patterns of gender-role behavior that are much likethose of other children. No data are available as yet in this area for children of gay fathers. Sexual Orientation. A number of investigators have also studied a third component of sexual identity: sexual orientation(Bailey, Bobrow, Wolfe, Mikach, 1995; Bozett, 1980, 1982, 1987, 1989; Gottman, 1990; Golombok et al., 1983; Green,1978; Huggins, 1989; Miller, 1979; Paul, 1986; Rees, 1979). In all studies, the great majority of offspring of both gay fathersand lesbian mothers described themselves as heterosexual. Taken together, the data do not suggest elevated rates ofhomosexuality among the offspring of lesbian or gay parents. For instance, Huggins (1989) interviewed 36 teenagers, half ofwhom were offspring of lesbian mothers and half of heterosexual mothers. No children of lesbian mothers identified themselvesas lesbian or gay, but one child of a heterosexual mother did; this diff erence was not statistically significant. In a recent study,Bailey and his colleagues (1995) studied adult sons of gay fathers and found more than 90% of the sons to be heterosexual. Pearl Harbor EssayResearch on parent-child relations in heterosexual families has consistently revealed that childrens adjustment is often related toindices of maternal mental health. One might therefore expect factors that enhance mental health among lesbian mothers or gayfathers also to benefit their children. Lott-Whitehead and Tully (1993) reported considerable variability in the amounts of stressdescribed by lesbian mothers, but did not describe sources of stress nor their relations to child adjustment. Rand, Graham, andRawlings (1982) found that lesbian mothers sense of psychological well-being was associated with their degree of opennessabout their lesbian identity with employers, ex-husbands, and children; mothers who felt more able to disclose their lesbianidentity were more likely to express a positive sense of well-being. Unfortunately, no information about the relations of thesefindings to adjustment or development among children of these women has been reported to date . Another area of great diversity among families with a gay or lesbian parent concerns the degree to which a parents gay orlesbian identity is accepted by other significant people in a childs life. Huggins (1989) found a tendency for children whosefathers were rejecting of maternal lesbian identities to report lower self-esteem than those whose fathers were neutral orpositive. Due to small sample size and absence of significance tests, this finding should be regarded as preliminary andsuggestive rather than definitive. Huggins (1989) finding does, however, raise questions about the extent to which reactions ofimportant adults in a childs environment can influence responses to discovery of a parents gay or lesbian identity. Effects of the age at which children learn of parental homosexuality have also been a topic of study. Paul (1986) found thatoffspring who were told of parental gay, lesbian, or bisexual identity either in childhood or in late adolescence found the newseasier to co pe with than those who first learned of it during early to middle adolescence. Huggins (1989) also reported thatthose who learned of maternal lesbianism in childhood had higher self-esteem than did those who were not informed of it untilthey were adolescents. From a clinical perspective, it is widely agreed that early adolescence is a particularly difficult time forchildren to learn that a father is gay or that a mother is lesbian (Bozett, 1980; Pennington, 1987; Schulenberg, 1985). Some investigators have also raised questions about the potential role of peer support in helping children to deal with issuesraised by having a gay or lesbian parent. Lewis (1980) was the first to suggest that childrens silence on the topic of parentalsexual orientation with peers and siblings might add to their feelings of isolation from other children. All of the 11 adolescentsstudied by OConnell (1993) reported exercising selectivity about when they disclosed information about their mothers lesbianid entities. Paul (1986) found that 29% of his young adult respondents had never known anyone else with a gay, lesbian, orbisexual parent, suggesting that the possibility of isolation is very real for some young people. Potentially negative effects of any such isolation have not, however, been uncovered in research to date. Lewis (1980) suggested thatchildren would benefit from support groups consisting of other children of gay or lesbian parents, and young people interviewedby OConnell (1993) agreed, but systematic evaluations of such groups have not been reported. In summary, research on diversity among families with gay and lesbian parents and on the potential effects of such diversity onchildren is only beginning (Martin 1989; Patterson, 1992, 1995b) Existing data on children of lesbian mothers suggest thatchildren may fare better when mothers are in good psychological health and living with a lesbian partner with whom they sharechild care. Children may find it easier to deal with issues raised by having lesbian or gay parents if they learn of parental sexualorientation during childhood rather than during adolescence. Existing data also suggest the value of a supportive milieu, in whichparental sexual orientation is accepted by other significant adults and in which children have contact with peers in similarcircumstances. The existing data are, however, still very sparse, and any conclusions must be seen as tentative. It is clear, however, that existing research provides no basis for believing that childrens best interests are served by familyconflict or secrecy about a parents gay or lesbian identity, or by requirements that a lesbian or gay parent maintain a householdseparate from that of a same-sex partner. D. Conclusion In summary, there is no evidence to suggest that lesbians and gay men are unfit to be parents or that psychosocial developmentamong children of gay men or lesbians is compromised in any respect relative to that among offspring of heterosex ual parents. Not a single study has found children of gay or lesbian parents to be disadvantaged in any significant respect relative to childrenof heterosexual parents. Indeed, the evidence to date suggests that home environments provided by gay and lesbian parents areas likely as those provided by heterosexual parents to support and enable childrens psychosocial growth. It should be acknowledged that research on lesbian and gay parents and their children is still very new and relatively scarce. Less is known about children of gay fathers than about children of lesbian mothers. Little is known aboutdevelopment of the offspring of gay or lesbian parents during adolescence or adulthood. Sources of heterogeneity have yet tobe systematically investigated. Longitudinal studies that follow lesbian and gay families over time are badly needed. Acknowledgements I wish to thank Clinton Anderson, Natalie Eldridge, Patricia Falk, Mary Henning-Stout, Larry Kurdek, April Martin, BiancaCody Murphy, Vera Paster, and Roy Scrivner for their helpful comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript. II. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY The citations in this annotated bibliography come from a number of sources: from the original APA publication LesbianParents and Their Children, from a PsycLit search on gay and lesbian parenting from the years 1987-1993, and fromrecommendations made by our expert reviewers. We recognize that this bibliography is not all inclusive. The literature onlesbian and gay parenting is rapidly expanding, and we may have missed some resources. Furthermore, there are a number ofdoctoral dissertations on gay and lesbian parenting. We have not included dissertations or some of the material that is writtendirectly for lesbian and gay parents themselves. While primarily drawing upon psychology, we did include some citations fromlaw, psychiatry, and social work publications. The annotated bibliography is divided into four sections. The first section focuses on empirical psychological stud ies. Thesecond section contains book chapters and articles from the periodical literature. The third section contains books. And thebibliography concludes with a section that lists additional resources and organizations. This bibliography was compiled by Bianca Cody Murphy and Lourdes Rodriguez-Nogues with the assistance of Mary Ballou,Edward J. Dunne, Susan Iasenza, Steven James, Linda Jones, Ena Vazquez Nuttall, Gary Ross Reynolds, and WilliamSanchez. Welcome Page | The IndexStories | Should I come out? | Personal Ads | Questions, Questions, Questions | Starting a Family The professional points of view | Religious Views | Legal Help | Sign the GuestbookThe Gay Dad e-mail:emailprotected Last Updated January 12 , 1997 Psychology

Compare the Development in Character of Laurent from Therese Raquin and Grenouille from Perfume Essay Example For Students

Compare the Development in Character of Laurent from Therese Raquin and Grenouille from Perfume Essay The two novels are very different in style and consequently the ways in which the protagonists are presented also differ. However despite this stylistic difference with Zolas naturalistic style creating believable and gritty characters while Susskinds post- modern approach is characterized by a far-fetched storyline featuring fantastic almost supernatural characters, some of the effects are remarkably similar. One of the ways in which the two novels could be said to be similar is the sense of detachment and distance the narrators of both books seem to create from their characters. In perfume the author directly identifies himself with the reader we as moderns, with are knowledge of physics this use of meta-narrative creates an overall effect of separation from Grenouille and encourages us not to empathize with but instead to be repulsed by him This lack of emotional engagement is very important in the development of Grenouille as a character as it is an echo of the lack of empathy that Grenouille himself shows towards his victims and indeed anyone in the novel. Zola also creates a sense of distance between the narrator and the characters in Therese Raquin but not by the use of meta-narrative but by the language that he uses to describe them. When developing the character of Laurent he is described in not just unsympathetic ways, but in condescending ways. A criticism often made of Zola is that his style can be very arrogant and verging on offensive, Laurent is described as being of simple peasant nature and his brutish looks are of true farming stock. This tone creates a sense of mocking, its almost as though Zola is poking fun at the working class and the proletariat for the entertainment of his readers, who would likely be the intellectual French middle classes. The detachment between the narrator and the characters in both of the novels can be seen as something which they have in common. However a way in which the novels differ in terms of characterization of their protagonists could be the use of comparisons to other characters int the novels. For example in Therese Raquin Laurent is described in physicality as a binary opposite to Camille. His handsome full-blooded face and well developed full muscles form a stark juxtaposition to Camille who is described as a sickly child with a puny and languid appearance. The contrast is made all the more apparent when Zola reveals Thereses thoughts upon seeing Laurent she had never seen a real man before Laurent filled her with astonishment. This celebration of the physical defines Laurent by what he is in relation to Camille, a real man with animalistic qualities who can at last answer the unfulfilled passions of Therese. Whereas Zola develops Laurent by what he is and by what qualities he possesses, Susskind does the exact opposite. When developing Grenouilles character he is defined by what he lacks, namely a smell. This lack of an odour creates profound, extreme and very unexpected reactions in the people who experience it, Father Terrier for example. Susskind presents Terrier to the reader as an educated man with a high opinion of his own critical faculties, when the wet nurse Jeanne Bussie comes to him in order to rid herself of the young Grenouille because she cant stand him not having a smell he berates her for holding the superstitious notions of the simple folk. This makes Terriers inevitable repulsion to the child all the more shocking. he tries to get the screaming brat as far away as possible, to another parish if possible, this creates the most impact possible as he was after all an educated man free the simple superstitions of the common folk. .u3b0dd2b0da443895a4a266d127999da0 , .u3b0dd2b0da443895a4a266d127999da0 .postImageUrl , .u3b0dd2b0da443895a4a266d127999da0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3b0dd2b0da443895a4a266d127999da0 , .u3b0dd2b0da443895a4a266d127999da0:hover , .u3b0dd2b0da443895a4a266d127999da0:visited , .u3b0dd2b0da443895a4a266d127999da0:active { border:0!important; } .u3b0dd2b0da443895a4a266d127999da0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3b0dd2b0da443895a4a266d127999da0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3b0dd2b0da443895a4a266d127999da0:active , .u3b0dd2b0da443895a4a266d127999da0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3b0dd2b0da443895a4a266d127999da0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3b0dd2b0da443895a4a266d127999da0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3b0dd2b0da443895a4a266d127999da0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3b0dd2b0da443895a4a266d127999da0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3b0dd2b0da443895a4a266d127999da0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3b0dd2b0da443895a4a266d127999da0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3b0dd2b0da443895a4a266d127999da0 .u3b0dd2b0da443895a4a266d127999da0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3b0dd2b0da443895a4a266d127999da0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Seven Deadly Sins in Doctor Faustus EssayThe way in which the two novels characterize their protagonists is symptomatic of the two genres from which the authors are writing. Zola is one of the leaders of the naturalistic school of writing in France and this is reflected in his development of Laurent. Laurent is everything the naturalistic movement believed made flesh, in concordance with naturalistic beliefs he lacks any meaningful definition of free will. Instead he is controlled by his erotic, animalistic desire for Therese. She responds favorably to this new powerful man and through this acceptance Zola tries to convince his audience that it is indeed the nature of the human condition to surrender to our more primal desires. If it were not then why would Therese choose the wild and exciting lover in a passionate affair over the steady, safe albeit boring life of a 1200 franks a week man? Clearly she is driven by her animalistic desires. The characterization in Perfume is also typical of the style it is written in. However instead of being a novel from the naturalist school of writing this is a very post-modern novel. The priest Terrier rejects Grenouille on the basis of not having a smell even going so far as to cal him evil. This raises the idea of what is evil? And can it really be described as the privation of a smell? The nature and causes of evil and the battle of materialistic and dualistic ideas are two very prominent themes in the post-modern novel. I think its justified to call Perfume a novel of dualistic values. Dualism is the belief that humans are made up of two parts, these are the physical body and also the essence of what it is to be a human. This essence can be defined as different things according to different dualist belief systems but according to Christianity it is our immortal soul. The fact that Suskind chooses a holy man, Father Terrier to be so repulsed by the child due to his lack of smell suggests that perhaps this lack of smell is actually a metaphor for Grenouille lacking a soul, or whatever else we define the dualist essence as. Although initially this assertion sounds a little far-fetched there is actually a surprising amount of evidence for it in the text. It explains why the children at the orphanage were so fearful of him. It wouldnt even be too tenuous a link too suggest that the reason Grenouille desires the love and control over people that his perfumes give him is that he simply desires that which he has never known. As he has no soul he has never felt love or even friendship in his whole life and this feeds his motivation to create awe inspiring perfumes. Another area that both novels explore while developing the character of their main protagonists are violence and what it tells us about the perpetrators, and by implication ourselves. In Therese Raquin Zola celebrates the physical, he is a naturalist and throughout the novel the animalistic and gritty sides of humanity are, although perhaps not always approved of they are unflinchingly portrayed. The world Zola creates is a realistic one, and although not exactly Gomorrah its inhabitants actions are far removed from virtuous. However I think its a mistake to say that Zola approved of his characters. The physical violence in the novel is conducted by Laurent when he murders Camille by throwing him over the side of the rowing boat they are sharing with Therese. In the light of the setting Zola has created these seams to be merely an extension of the animalistic nature which attracted Therese to Laurent in the first place. However the murder quickly starts to weigh heavily on their on their relationship. When Laurent goes to the morgue to find Camilles body the corpses seemed to be mocking him with their leering grimaces. Such gory imagery as is used in the morgue scenes such as the jet playing on the face was digging a hole is used by Zola to playfully repulse his readers in the same way a modern horror film might, it also echoes with Susskinds grotesque realism. The mocking of the corpses is not all that torments Laurent, when he starts to paint again all his paintings take on the countenance of Camille. Through the use of these torturous techniques Zola seams to be giving a warn ing for life, if you behave in this way you will be punished. He also seams to telling us something about the nature of evil. In Therese Raquin evil stems from human corruption of the soul, namely Laurent and Thereses lusts. .u6ac0f96a704dd9fb1955329b57f837b5 , .u6ac0f96a704dd9fb1955329b57f837b5 .postImageUrl , .u6ac0f96a704dd9fb1955329b57f837b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ac0f96a704dd9fb1955329b57f837b5 , .u6ac0f96a704dd9fb1955329b57f837b5:hover , .u6ac0f96a704dd9fb1955329b57f837b5:visited , .u6ac0f96a704dd9fb1955329b57f837b5:active { border:0!important; } .u6ac0f96a704dd9fb1955329b57f837b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ac0f96a704dd9fb1955329b57f837b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ac0f96a704dd9fb1955329b57f837b5:active , .u6ac0f96a704dd9fb1955329b57f837b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ac0f96a704dd9fb1955329b57f837b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ac0f96a704dd9fb1955329b57f837b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ac0f96a704dd9fb1955329b57f837b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ac0f96a704dd9fb1955329b57f837b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ac0f96a704dd9fb1955329b57f837b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ac0f96a704dd9fb1955329b57f837b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ac0f96a704dd9fb1955329b57f837b5 .u6ac0f96a704dd9fb1955329b57f837b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ac0f96a704dd9fb1955329b57f837b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Hound of the Baskervilles Persuasive EssayHowever the opposite is true for Perfume. In this novel, if we accept my earlier idea that someones scent is a metaphor for their soul, then evil is caused not by a corruption but by a lack of a soul and the desire to gain something which can simulate its effects. This something is the perfect perfume and the effects are to be accepted by and have the chance to be loved by normal members of society. In conclusion both novels draw upon the darker side of humanity to create their protagonists. Susskinds Post-modern style creates an almost supernatural fantastical character whose rejection from mainstream society turns him into a sociopath who desires nothing more than acceptance and will stop at nothing to achieve it. Zola on the other hand doesnt describe a dangerous outsider, but instead warns against the dangers of idleness and immorality by showing the dreadful consequences of acting in such a way. The truths of the character are brought home by Zolas naturalist believable style, making Laurent the opposite of Grenouille. Grenouille is a man whos shown as evil because he cant engage or be accepted by society, whereas Laurent is evil as the personification of a decadent one.