Allergies Essays - Allergology, Allergen, Allergic Rhinitis

Allergies "I wondered lonely as a cloud, that floats on high o'er dales and hills, when all at once I saw a crowd-a host of golden daffodils." William Wordsworth I hope he was taking an antihistamine. If he were not, he would develop signs and symptoms of allergies. These include, but are not limited to a sore throat; red, itchy, watery eyes; nasal congestion and drainage; coughing and sneezing. There are many remedies, from grandma's kitchen to the allergy research center. The allergy season is usually from late February to mid-May. Grass is the biggest offender during the latter part of the season. Pollens from trees and plants are released each year during early spring. There are cells floating around in your body and when the allergen is inhaled, it attaches itself to a specific cell. Then, it produces histamines (which stimulates gastric secretion and dilates blood vessels.) Your body reacts to this invasion with the signs of allergies. There are many over-the-counter medications to help reduce the symptoms. Benadryl, Tavist and Cholortrimeton are called antihistamines, which reduce the symptoms of allergies. Antihistamines make it difficult for the histamines to be released in the bloodstream. However, there is a drawback to this, and that is it will produce drowsiness. Prescription medication can be given to combat symptoms also. Allegra, is the newest of these medications. Claritin and Hismanal are non-sedating. There is, by prescription, a nasal spray that can be given to reduce sneezing. Of course, the last resort is by injection. A tiny amount of the same allergen that you are allergic to is injected under your skin. This, hopefully, will slowly desensitize you. The combination of these drugs should fit into many lifestyles. Briggite Mars, a well-known herbalist states, "I generally view allergies as an indication of a weakened immune system." She also believes that stress is a major factor and should be reduced. This, in turn, will boost your immune system. A diet rich in beta-carotene, lamb, and even violets can improve the sufferer's allergic response. Every year around the same time, Michelle Robertson, who worked for a doctor as a medical assistant thought she had developed a cold and would then miss work. She would go in with the red eyes, nasal congestion, and cough. It was really her allergy. There are many kinds of pollen from trees, plants, weeds, flowers, mold, and ragweed being the worsts of all. Pollen, which looks like a sphere with spikes can travel hundreds of miles away. It has been found as far as Antarctica. There is no getting away from it. However, there is a meter that reads the pollen count. It has been read from zero to as high as four hundred in mid-September. In comparing the articles, the treatments were the same, with the Cooper article, "More treatments available for those with hay fever, allergies." The Wood article, "Ragweed hits hard at pollen suffers," gives just over-the-counter medications. It also talks on avoidance being the best policy of allergies. Cooper, talks more about diet and homeopathic remedies. There is a difference on the allergy season between the articles. The first being the February to March season. Wood made a statement of the pollen count meter reading as a high as 400 in mid-September. This could be due to the meter's geographic location. Overall, the Cooper article was much more informative. It had a pleasant even flow to it starting with the poetry, what allergies are, the treatment, and the diet. It had high points that helped keep the article in perspective that the Wood's did not. Bibliography Cooper, Cynthia. "More treatments available for those with hay fever, allergies." Knight- Ridder/Tribune News Service 16 May 1997, p516k8337 Wood, R. Anthony. "Ragweed hits hard at pollen suffers." Knight-ridder/Tribune News Service 29 Aug. 1997, p829k4377 "

Summary of The Giver †Book Reviews

Summary of The Giver – Book Reviews Free Online Research Papers Summary of The Giver Book Reviews The book Giver is about life without color, war, fear, or pain. Everything is under control. There are no choices. Everybody is assigned a role in the community. Everybody in the community is given a job when they turn 12. When Jonas turns 12 he is going to receive special training from the Giver. The Giver will take Jonas through the pain and the pleasure of life. Now it’s time of Jonas to receive the truth. There is no turning back. I recommend this book because it is unique and different. â€Å"The Giver† is a futuristic science fiction novel set in a utopian society. In Jonas’s community, there are no feelings, no hunger, no inequalities, and no pain. Everything is created to be equal. Every family unit is uniform and prescribed according to the community leaders. Each member of the community is given their profession when they turn twelve. Jonas is selected to become the receiver of memory. As he trains with the Giver, he realizes the truth of the community he lives in. The people of the community do not get to feel love, true happiness, of any of the god qualities of life. On the other hand, they do not feel any of the negative aspects either. They live in a colorless society. Those who do not live up to the standards of this Utopian society are quickly â€Å"released†. Jonas later finds out that this release process is equivalent to that of death. He decides that it is up to him to return what has been taken from the members of the community. With the help of the Giver, Jonas escapes from the community, which will result in the release of all memories to the community. This memory release process initiates the community members to previously unfelt feelings of pain, famine, war, as well as human differences, love, and happiness. The resolution of this science fiction novel is up for debate and ultimately depends upon the discretion, opinion, and interpretation of each individual reader. Research Papers on Summary of The Giver - Book ReviewsCapital PunishmentHip-Hop is ArtArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Relationship between Media Coverage and Social andPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyWhere Wild and West MeetAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XDefinition of Export QuotasTrailblazing by Eric Anderson

Evolution of lactase gene in homo sapiens Term Paper

Evolution of lactase gene in homo sapiens - Term Paper Example Genetics and molecular studies of genes presently and in the past are pointing towards an evolutionary cause behind its persistence in adults. In order to prove that something is a product of evolution, one must demonstrate that a favourable trait mutated. Additionally, one must show that the trait was transmittable to offspring and the environment favoured that trait. This may necessitate genital analysis of pre-historical data as well as present ones. Furthermore, these patterns ought to be analysed in relation to the behavioural or cultural patterns of the subjects as it could affect the adoption of the trait. The paper will look into these dimensions in order to illustrate the evolution of the lactase gene. Advantages and disadvantages in a population Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) is the enzyme responsible for the digestion of lactose in Homo sapiens. Lactase activity in the intestines depends on the maturity of the person under consideration. Infants between two to eleven mo nths old have some of the highest activity levels. As a child reaches the age of five, lactase activity reduces, and this may continue in subsequent times. Therefore, the amount of the LPH enzyme will reduce because a person stops suckling or consuming lactose. Conversely, some adult populations continue to maintain high level of lactase activity, especially those with North European descent. This persistence of activity is an evolutionary development that coincides with the development of the dairy industry in most parts of the world (Grand et. al. 618). It is thus advantageous to ingest lactose in adulthood because this will not limit the person’s dietary intake. They will have the freedom to consume milk without dealing with health challenges. Prior to the domestication of animals, adult populations did not need the lactase enzyme. Therefore non persistence was the available state. However, this dramatically changed when animals started providing milk to the human populati on. It became genetically advantageous to retain the lactase enzyme in adulthood. Since only persons with this enzyme can enjoy the nutritional benefits of milk, then lactase persistence is beneficial. Culture dictated gene adaptability and advanced evolution (Hollox 267). Milk is nutritionally beneficial to the human body because it a rich source of calcium. Therefore, consumption of the beverage would protect one from bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis (Swallow 208). Rickets is an undesirable condition that also emanates from the lack of calcium. It is a selective force that favoured the ingestion of milk. The lack of the lactase enzyme in adults leads to a number of difficulties when dealing with the digestion of milk. Once such individuals consume milk, the lactose in milk will stay undigested. No alteration in blood glucose will be detected if a test is done. Instead, the product will enter the colon and be fermented. Fermentation causes the production of gases such as hydrogen and fatty acids. This is possible through the action of bacteria in the gut. Usually, persons who are lactose intolerant will suffer from bloating or gaseousness, diarrhoea, nausea, cramps and discomfort after taking milk. The gases that are produced after fermentation can be detected through portable hydrogen analysers (Itan et. al. 8). Therefore, it is highly desirable to be lactase persistent. All the complications that emanate from fermentation would be absent. Swallow (207) highlights some potential risks of having

Management by culture is another way of exercising control in Essay

Management by culture is another way of exercising control in organizations. Critically discuss this statement with reference to issues of power and resistance - Essay Example This study will also focus on the issues of power and resistance as they pertain to management by culture. Journal articles, online research, and textbook readings are used to help define organizational culture, power and resistance within organizational culture, and exercising control using organizational culture. Examples from the real time functioning organizations will be used to provide insight into how management by culture can be successfully used to meet mission goals. Organizations develop a culture all their own whether or not the organizational leadership wants it. But, organizational leadership can help develop a culture among workers that works to the organization's advantage. Management by culture does just that. Management can incorporate symbols, stories, heroes, slogans, or ceremonies to create an environment that encourages positive operations within the organization. The organization identifies what it considers positive attributes, abilities, or behaviours that need to be rewarded within the organization. The ultimate goal of management by culture is to accomplish the mission of the organization. Management by culture reduces friction between management and staff by directly addressing resistance within the organization. Organizational culture or corporate culture is defined as "The values, customs, rituals, attitudes, and norms shared by members of an organization, which have to be learnt and accepted by new members of the organization."1 Organizational culture can be further subdivided into integrative culture, differentiated culture, and fragmentation culture. It is important to note that an organization's culture can have positive attributes and negative attributes. Obviously, an organization will want to support the positive culture that develops and discourage any negative culture that develops. Integrative culture includes an agreement on what should be adopted and what should not. Integration provides "unity, predictability, and clarity to work assignments".2 Differentiated culture consists of subcultures that may develop that do not share the common goals and objectives of the organization. This encourages inconsistencies in the organization that are not wanted by management. Fragmentation culture consists of multiple definitions of organizational values and assumptions within the organization. This happens when an organization grows too quickly, has a very diverse work force, or enters the global marketplace. 3. Building a Positive Corporate Culture/ Management by Culture The challenge of any organization is to create, and nurture, a positive corporate culture that includes all that work for, or lead, the organization. Management at this level works to reward desired behaviours among its employees. Positive reinforcement of desired behaviours lowers the incidences of power struggles and resistance. In short, people like to be recognized and rewarded rather than punished or fired. Management by culture requires the organization to put into place set standards and practices. The organization will be better able to recognize high performance with set standards and practices. The task environment and internal environment need to be clearly identified. The cultural environment needs to be clearly ide

4 best 3d animated films for kids Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

4 best 3d animated films for kids - Essay Example The chief Director of this film is Uri Shizer (Squidoo 2010). This movie was released in 2003 by Pixar Studios and Disney. Its remarkable box office draw kept the movie at the top. The movie is a story of a clown fish and his son, who lost all their family members to thieves leaving them alone in the world. Nemo is caught up by a scuba diver during his first day of school, turning him into a pet in a fish tank that belonged to a dentist. Consequently, Nemo’s father decides to go hunting for him in the ocean, where he happened to meet an absentminded fish called Dory. The story narrates about their encounters and attempts by Nemo to flee from the fish tank (Squidoo 2010). In this film, three strange bedfellows are encountered with, including Diego the saber tooth tiger, Sid the Sloth, and Manny the mammoth. The three accomplices have partnered in an attempt to return a hunter father, his human baby. When Diego, Manny and Sid return, they are joined by another character known as Ellie a mammoth who thinks she is a possum. They seek to flee from their dwelling valley to avoid drowning in case a melting glaciar blocked down. This comedy with great taste has been produced by Pixar Animation Studios. It is a story of a rat that wants to become a chef, but his family looks down upon his ideas. Consequently, Remy finds himself in a sewer, where he wants to meet a youthful cook who is fighting to retain his job. The union of the two makes them the best chefs in Paris. This entertaining movie keeps the funs wondering whether their trick will be discovered. The role of a 3D animation director is to make sure that the vision of the film rhymes with all parts of the production course. This includes the film’s color palette, style, as well as tone. Unlike the directors of live-action films, those of animated movies have high control responsibility. In other words, the directors of animated films are responsible for micromanaging the whole

Chemical Composition of Oil from Eremostachys Macrophylla

Chemical Composition of Oil from Eremostachys Macrophylla Chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts  of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch.  from Northeast of Iran Akhlaghi H Abstract The essential oil obtained by hydrodisstillation of the aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch., grown wild in Iran, was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The colorless oils were obtained by hydrodistillation, using a Clevenger-type apparatus for three hours, from aerial parts in 0.18% yield (w/w). Fourty-four compounds representing 91.6% of aerial parts oil of Eremostachys macrophylla were identified. The main components of the oil were hexadecanoic acid (27.5%), ethyl linoleate (8.5%), 6-methyl-ÃŽ ±-ionone (8.0%), isobutyl phthalate (5.8%), ÃŽ ±-cadinol (4.7%) and germacrene D (4.3%). The oil was rich in nonterpenoids (56.0%) and among them, oxygenated nonterpenes (53.2%) predominated over nonterpene hydrocarbons (2.8%). Key Word Index Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch., Lamiaceae, essential oil composition, hexadecanoic acid Introduction The genus Eremostachys of the family Lamiaceae (alt. Labiatae) contains 15 species of perennial in Iran, and five of them are endemic (1,2). During the past decade, seven investigations have been carried out on the chemical composition of the essential oils of the genus Eremostachys. These studies analyze the fresh aerial parts of Eremostachys laciniata Bunge from Jordan (3), flowers, stems, and roots of Eremostachys laevigata from Iran (4), flower, leaf and stem of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch., and aerial part and stem of Eremostachys labiosa from Iran (5), aerial parts of Eremostachys adenantha and Eremostachys macrophylla from Iran (6), aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla from Central Iran (7), aerial parts of Eremostachys laevigata Bge. From Iran (8) and aerial parts of Eremostachys laciniata Bge. from Iran (9). Phytochemical investigation on a few species of Eremostachys revealed the presence of vicarin, a new isoflavone from Eremostachys vicaryi (10), eremosides A-C, New Iridoid Glucosides from Eremostachys loasifolia (11), loasifolin, a new flavonoid from Eremostachys loasifolia (12), a new acidic iridoid glucoside (13), furanolabdane diterpene glycosides from Eremostachys laciniata (14), new iridoid glucosides from Eremostachys moluccelloides Bunge (15) and Eremostachiin: a new furanolabdane diterpene glycoside from Eremostachys glabra (16). Our study dealt with the analysis of the essential oils of aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch grown wild in northeastern Iran. Experimental Plant material: The plant material was collected during the flowering stage in May 2012 from northern Sabzevar in Khorasan Province, Iran, at an altitude of 1580 meters. A voucher specimen has been deposited in the herbarium of Research Center of Natural Resources, Sabzevar, Iran. Essential oil isolation. Air-dried aerial parts of E. macrophylla (100 g) were subjected to hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus for three hours to produce colorless oils. The yield of total volatiles was 0.18% (w/w). The oils were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and stored in sealed vials at 4  °C before analysis. GC analysis. GC analysis was performed using a Shimadzu GC-9A gas chromatograph, equipped with a HP-5MS fused silica column (30 mÃâ€"0.25 mm i.d., film thickness 0.25  µm). The oven temperature was held at 50  °C for five minutes and then programmed to 250  °C at a rate of 3  °C/min. The injector and detector (FID) temperatures were 290  °C . Helium was used as carrier gas with a linear velocity of 32 cm/s. GC/MS analysis. GC/MS analysis was carried out on a Hewlett-packard 6890 gas chromatograph fitted with a fused silica HP-5MS capillary column (30mÃâ€"0.25 mm ; film thickness 0.32  µm) . The oven temperature was programmed from 60  °C to 220  °C at 6  °C/min . Helium was used as carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The chromatograph was coupled to a Hewlett-Packard 5973 mass selective detector with an ionization voltage of 70 eV. Qualitative and quantitative analyses. Constituents of the volatile oils were identified by comparison of their retention indices relative to C9-C21 n-alkanes and of their mass spectral fragmentation pattern with those reported in the literature (17) and stored in a MS library (Wiley 275). The quantification of the components was performed on the basis of their GC peak area data from the HP-5MS column separation. Results and discussion Because of the variable results obtained in previous studies and as a part of on-going work on the chemical analysis of oils obtained from the wild plants of Iran, we decided to re-investigate the oils of this specific plant. Hydrodistilled volatile oils from the crushed dry aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch. (Lamiaceae) from Sabzevar (Iran) was studied by GC and GC/MS. The air-dried aerial parts of the plant yielded 0.18% (w/w) oil. The oil was clear and colorless. Fourty-four components were identified in the aerial parts oil that contained 91.6% of the compounds. Table 1 lists formulas, percentages, and retention indices of identified compounds in the oil. As evident from the table , the main components are hexadecanoic acid (27.5%), ethyl linoleate (8.5%), 6-methyl-ÃŽ ±-ionone (8.0%), isobutyl phthalate (5.8%), ÃŽ ±-cadinol (4.7%) and germacrene D (4.3%). In this study, GC and GC/MS analysis method revealed monoterpenoid hydrocarbon (MH), oxygenated monoterpenes (OM), sesquiterpenoid hydrocarbons (SH), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (OS), nonterpenoid hydrocarbons (NH), diterpene hydrocarbon (DH) and oxygenated diterpene (OD) in the oil from the aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla. One monoterpene hydrocarbon (0.1%), five oxygenated monoterpenes (8.8%), thirteen sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (13.4%), six oxygenated sesquiterpenes (10.4%), seventeen nonterpene hydrocarbons (56.0%), one diterpene hydrocarbon (2.5%) and one oxygenated diterpene (0.4%) were detected in this oil. The data lead to a rank order of constituent groups: NH>SH>OS>OM>DH>OD>MH for the aerial parts oil. The main components in this oil were hexadecanoic acid (27.5%), ethyl linoleate (8.5%), 6-methyl-ÃŽ ±-ionone (8.0%), isobutyl phthalate (5.8%), ÃŽ ±-cadinol (4.7%) and germacrene D (4.3%). The oil consisted mainly of nonterpenes and relatively small fractions of other terpenoids. Also, oxygenated nonoterpenes (53.2%) predominated over nonterpene hydrocarbons (2.8%). However, in a previous study on volatile oil from aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla, among the thirty-five identified compounds that have been compromised to 92.9% of the oil, spathulenol (23.4%), hexadecanoic acid (13.5%) and caryophyllene oxide (9.3%) were the major ones (6), while in other report on the aerial parts of this plant, among the sixteen identified compounds that have been compromised to 96.4% of the oil; germacrene-D (47.1%), germacrene-B (17.8%), ÃŽ ³-elemene (9.1%), myrcene (6.7%), ÃŽ ²-elemene (2.7%), and ÃŽ ²-phellandrene (2.6%) have been the major ones (7). Also, we reported analysis of the essential oils from flowers, leaves and stems of Eremostachys macrophylla (5). The specimen had been collected at different place, time and altitude from current study. The major compounds in the flower oil of E. macrophylla were 1,8-cineol (19.0 %) and germacrene D-4-ol (10.6 %), whereas the leaf oil contained ÃŽ ±-pinene (30.0 %), 1,10-di-epi cubenol (22.7 %), elemol ( 13.3 %) and bornyl acetate (11.0 %). The stem oil of the plant consisted mainly of 1,10-di-epi cubenol (34.4%) and elemol (24.0 %). Evident from the above data, there are significant differences in the results of the current study with previous studies (6,7) for the aerial parts of E. macrophylla . These discrepancies are not entirely unexpected since hydrodistillation relates to the interactions of the oil constituents with water vapor. Of course, there may also be differences related to environmental conditions such as climate, altitude, collection time, ground composition of the sampling area and different growth stages such as pre-flowering, fresh flowering and air-dried-flowering stages. Conclusion The chemical composition of the essential oil of aerial parts from Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch. (Lamiaceae) growing in Sabzevar was investigated. This study showed considerable amounts of hexadecanoic acid (27.5%), ethyl linoleate (8.5%), 6-methyl-ÃŽ ±-ionone (8.0%). These major constituents were different from previous studies on the same species 5-7. These results demonstrated that the chemical composition of the essential oil of the same species can change depending on a variety of conditions, including climate, time of collection, and the ground composition of the sampling area besides of growth stages of plant. Acknowledgment We are grateful to Dr. V. Mozaffarian (Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran) for identifying the plant materials. Table 1. Constituents of the essential oils from aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla obtained by hydrodistillation a No. compound Formula Percentage RRIb Class 1 Limonene C10H16 0.1 1031 MHc 2 4-Terpineol C10H18O 0.1 1179 OMd 3 Fenchyl acetate C12H20O2 0.4 1223 OM 4 Anethole C10H12O 0.1 1285 OM 5 ÃŽ ±-Copaene C15H24 0.2 1364 SHe 6 ÃŽ ²- Bourbonene C15H24 0.8 1385 SH 7 ÃŽ ²-Cubebene C15H24 0.1 1390 SH 8 Tetradecane C14H30 0.1 1400 NHf 9 ÃŽ ²-Caryophyllene C15H24 0.3 1418 SH 10 ÃŽ ±-Guaiene C15H24 0.1 1439 SH 11 Aromadendrene C15H24 0.6 1442 SH 12 ÃŽ ±-Humulene C15H24 2.0 1452 SH 13 (E)-ÃŽ ²-Farnesene C15H24 0.1 1457 SH 14 Germacrene D C15H24 4.3 1480 SH 15 ÃŽ ²-Ionone C13H20O 0.2 1488 OM 16 Bicyclogermacrene C15H24 0.7 1500 SH 17 ÃŽ ³-Cadinene C15H24 0.6 1515 SH 18 6-Methyl-ÃŽ ±-ionone C14H22O 8.0 1518 OM 19 ÃŽ ´-Cadinene C15H24 3.5 1522 SH 20 Cadina-1,4-diene C15H24 0.1 1533 SH 21 Germacrene D-4-ol C15H26O 0.6 1574 OSg 22 Spathulenol C15H24O 1.5 1578 OS 23 Caryophyllene oxide C15H24O 0.5 1583 OS 24 Humulene epoxide II C15H24O 1.7 1608 OS 25 Ï„-Muurolol C15H26O 1.4 1643 OS 26 ÃŽ ±-Cadinol C15H26O 4.7 1656 OS 27 Tetradecanoic acid C14H28O2 1.8 1760 NH 28 Octadecane C18H38 0.4 1800 NH 29 6,10,14-Trimethyl-2-Pentadecanone, C18H36O 1.7 1848 NH 30 2-Hydroxy-Cyclopentadecanone C15H28O2 0.4 1853 NH 31 Pentadecanoic acid C15H30O2 0.3 1867 NH 32 Isobutyl phthalate C16H22O4 5.8 1877 NH 33 Cyclohexadecane C16H32 0.3 1883 NH 34 16-methyl-Oxacyclohexadecan-2-one, C16H30O2 0.3 1943 NH 35 Sandaracopimara-8(14),15-diene C20H32 2.5 1969 DHh 36 di-Butylphthalate C16H22O4 0.9 1973 NH 37 Hexadecanoic acid C16H32O2 27.5 1977 NH 38 Eicosane C20H42 2.0 2000 NH 39 Heptadecanoic acid C17H34O2 0.4 2065 NH 40 Methyl linoleate C19H34O2 0.6 2084 NH 41 Phytol C20H40O 0.4 2111 ODi 42 (Z,Z)-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid C18H32O2 2.7 2136 NH 43 Ethyl linoleate C20H36O2 8.5 2164 NH 44 Octadecanoic acid C18H36O2 2.3 2172 NH Total identified 91.6 a The compounds have been arranged according to their retention indices on an HP-5 MS capillary column b Kovatz retention indices given in the literature c Monoterpene hydrocarbons d Oxygenated monoterpene e Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons f Nonterpene hydrocarbons g Oxygenated sesquiterpene hDiterpene hygrocarbon iOxygenated diterpene References 1. Mozaffarian, V. (1996), A Dictionary of Iranian plant names, Frhang Moaser, Tehran, pp. 207-208. 2. Rechinger,K.H. (1982). Eremostachys, in: Flora Iranica, Labiatae No. 150. Edits., K.H. Rechinger and I.C. Hedge, Pp 290-292, Akademische Druck and Verlagsanstalt, Graz, Austria. 3. Al-Jaber, H.I., Al-Qudah, M.A., Barhoumi, L.M., Abaza, I.F., Afifi, F.U. (2012). Variation in the essential oil composition of Eremostachys laciniata from Jordan at different flowering stages, J. Essent. Oil Res. 24(3): 289-297. 4. Esmaeili, A. (2012). Biological activities of Eremostachys laevigata Bunge. grown in Iran, Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 25(4): 803-808. 5. Rustaiyan, A., Masoudi, S., Ezzatzadeh, E., Akhlaghi, H., Aboli, J. (2011). Composition of the Aerial Part, Flower, Leaf and Stem Oils of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch. and Eremostachys labiosa Bunge. from Iran, J Essent. Oil Bear. Pl., 14(1): 84-88. 6. Javidnia, K., Miri, R., Soltani, M., Khosravi, A.R. (2008). Essential oil composition of two species of Eremostachys from Iran (E. adenantha Jaub. et spach and E. macrophylla Montbr. et auch. J. Essent. Oil Res., 20(3): 226-228. 7.Nori-Shargh D., Kiaei, S.M., Deyhimi, F. (2007). The volatile constituents analysis of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch. from Iran, Nat. Prod. Res., 21(8):733-5. 8. Amiri, H., Meshkat Al Sadat, M.H., Lari Yazdi, H. (2007). Chemical composition of the essential oil of Eremostachys Laevigata bung, DARU J.Pharm. Sci., 15(1):34-40. 9. Navaei, M.N., Mirza, M. (2006). Chemical composition of the oil of Eremostachys laciniata (L.) Bunge from Iran, Flavour. Frag. J., 21(4): 645-646. 10. Imran, M., Mehmood, R., Mughal, U.R., Ali, B., Malik, A. (2012). Vicarin, a new isoflavone from Eremostachys vicaryi, J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 14(3): 293-296. 11. Ali, B., Mehmood, R., Mughal, U.R., Malik, A., Safder, M., Hussain, R., Imran, M., Tareen, R.B. (2012). Eremosides A-C, New Iridoid Glucosides from Eremostachys loasifolia, Helv. Chim. Acta, 95(4): 586-593. 12. Mughal, U.R., Fatima, I., Malik, A., Tareen, R.B. (2010). Loasifolin, a new flavonoid from Eremostachys loasifolia, J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 12(4): 328-330. 13. Calis, I., Guevenc, A., Armagan, M., Koyuncu, M., Gotfredsen, C.H., Jensend, S.R. (2008). Secondary metabolites from Eremostachys laciniata, Nat. Prod. Commun., 3(2): 117-124. 14. Delazar, A., Modarresi, M., Nazemiyeh, H., Fathi-Azad, F., Nahar, L., Sarker, S.D. (2008). Furanolabdane diterpene glycosides from Eremostachys laciniata, Nat. Prod. Commun., 3(6): 873-876. 15. Calis, I., Guvenc, A., Armagan, M., Koyuncu, M., Gotfredsen, C.H. Jensen, S.R. (2007). Iridoid glucosides from Eremostachys moluccelloides Bunge, Helv. Chim. Acta, 90(8): 1461-1466. 16. Delazar, A., Modarresi, M., Shoeb, M., Nahar, L., Reid, R.G., Kumarasamy, Y., Majinda, R.R.T., Sarker, S.D. (2006). Eremostachiin: a new furanolabdane diterpene glycoside from Eremostachys glabra, Nat. Prod. Res., 20(2): 167-172. 17. R.P. Adams, (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry, 4th Edition. Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream, IL, USA.

Capital Punishment Essay: Death Penalty Distribution - Is It Unfair? :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Death Penalty Distribution - Is It Unfair?   Ã‚     The subject of this essay should be obvious from the title. Considerable detail is included in this presentation of the facts on the issue.    In an average year about 20,000 homicides occur in the United States. Fewer than 300 convicted murderers are sentenced to death. But because no more than thirty murderers have been executed in any recent year, most convicts sentenced to death are likely to die of old age (1). Nonetheless, the death penalty looms large in discussions: it raises important moral questions independent of the number of executions (2).    The death penalty is our harshest punishment (3). It is irrevocable: it ends the existence of those punished, instead of temporarily imprisoning them. Further, although not intended to cause physical pain, execution is the only corporal punishment still applied to adults (4). These singular characteristics contribute to the perennial, impassioned controversy about capital punishment.    Consideration of the justice, morality, or usefulness, of capital punishment is often conflated with objections to its alleged discriminatory or capricious distribution among the guilty. Wrongly so. If capital punishment is immoral in se, no distribution cannot affect the quality of what is distributed, be it punishments or rewards. Discriminatory or capricious distribution thus could not justify abolition of the death penalty. Further, maldistribution inheres no more in capital punishment than in any other punishment. Maldistribution between the guilty and the innocent is, by definition, unjust. But the injustice does not lie in the nature of the punishment. Because of the finality of the death penalty, the most grievous maldistribution occurs when it is imposed upon the innocent. However, the frequent allegations of discrimination and capriciousness refer to maldistribution among the guilty and not to the punishment of the innocent (5). Maldistribution of any punishment among those who deserves it is irrelevant to its justice or morality. Even if poor or black convicts guilty of capital offenses suffer capital punishment, and other convicts equally guilty of the same crimes do not, a more equal distribution, however desirable, would merely be more equal. It would not be more just to the convicts under sentence of death.    Punishments are imposed on person, not on racial or economic groups. Guilt is personal. The only relevant question is: does the person to be executed deserve the punishment? Whether or not others who deserved the same punishment, whatever their economic or racial group, have avoided execution is irrelevant.

A critical analysis of the role of popular culture in creating and maintaining learning across British society

In the following study I will be examining the way that popular culture has affected British public in relation to learning. I will be first examining previous times and the ways in which popular culture has influenced people over time. I will be concentrating on the effects that music and advertising has had and shaped society over time, and the methods these mediums have used to achieve this. Throughout the last century British culture has been dramatically transformed through popular culture, the development of major corporations, the changing methods of the current governments of the time, and the development of methods that popular culture can reach the public, all contributing to an extreme alteration in the way society as a whole behaves. Before the industrial revolution, popular culture was based on the agricultural year and around religious festivals for example, harvest, plough Monday, Easter, Christmas etc.) There was no division of the classes. Everyone joined together in recreation and entertainment. In the nineteenth century however, there was a considerable change. A sharp rise in urbanisation meant people flocked to the cities away from the agricultural areas to the industrial centres. There was therefore a massive decline in the meaningfulness of the agricultural festivals. In the city there was a physical separation of the classes, the working classes living tightly together in houses built specifically to house workers. There were far fewer public holidays as the agricultural ones were regarded as obsolete. There were fears about the amount of control the rich had over the working classes, as there was in the church. The working classes saw how they were treated by the Church Of England in the city very different to what they were used to. Many theories arose about the church and how it was corrupt. A man called John Leicester believed the Church to be corrupt and began his own church. The Methodist church, derived from the Czech Maravian Church. Methodist churches have no icons, statues, or grand features such as stained glass. Many working class people became Methodist due to the supposed corruption of the Church of England and its discrimination against the poor. This caused worry among the upper classes that the working classes could rise up against them. At this time, Irish Catholics were brought over from island to dig the canals. With them they brought the Irish Catholic faith. The Irish were regarded as extreme underclass and were very poor, therefore Catholicism was regarded as a religion for the poor. Yet another new faith for the working classes. There was increased fear of revolution as the inventions of new non-conformist churches happened. More and more controls and legislation were applied to prevent the uprising of the working classes. The Age of Interference The worries that the upper classes had of a possible revolution caused them to impose many rules on popular pursuits such as cricket and football. There was also a move to open parks and museums and other recreational facilities to distract the working classes not only from drinking and riots, but political movements and uprise. There was also a bought of middle-class pursuits invented such as Thomas Cook Holidays. Advertising Advertising is very easily exposed to the public. Advertising is available in a large variety of mediums, television being a main outlet, radio, posters, billboards, signs, newspapers and more, a more recent method being the internet. All of these things we come into contact with everyday. A very effective medium for advertising is the radio. This reaches people while they are doing other things, like driving or working, unlike television, which people only see when they have specifically sat down to watch it. Roland Barthes (1950-1980) studied semiotics, which is the study of signs and how we interpret them. He said that we receive subliminal messages through adverts without knowing it, this in turn making us want to buy the product/service. Roland Barthes dismantled images, the most known example of this being a picture of a black French Cub Scout saluting, and used his three levels of deconstruction to find hidden meaning to the image. This can be applied to images and advertising we now see today. Phallic symbolism was and still is used today within advertising, especially on television and is found to be extremely effective. The Cadbury's Flake television commercial is a prime example. But of course, a few hundred years ago, television would not have been about and advertising would have been restricted to other mediums. Before the industrial revolution, posters or leaflets would have not worked because there was mass illiteracy at those times because of the lack of education facilities available to the general public. After the revolution though, there was more education available to both children and adults of the working classes. But what is ‘working class.'? Karl Marx was the founding father of communism and is referred back to consistently when definitions of social class are made. Born in Germany in 1818, Marx lived in France, Belgium and London. He was an associate of Engels, with whom he devised the Communist/Economic Determinist Theory. This stated that there are two types of people. The Proletariat (who by efforts produce wealth) and the Bourgeoisie (the owners of factories and profits who exploit the proletariat). In 1847 Marx attended a meeting in London, the groups aim being ‘the overthrow of the bourgeoisie and the domination of the proletariat.' In this, Marx was willing the working classes to rise up against the bourgeoisie. Marx had many followers, an important one being Gramsci. Gramsci was born in 1891. A believer in Marxism, joining the Communist party in 1921, he was an avid supporter of all of Marx's proposals, but he thought that his theories were too focused on economics and take into account the other factors enough, with culture being a crucial example. The Gramscian model was called the hegemony model. Through this, Gramsci said that the upper classes use a form of propaganda to suppress revolution of the working classes. He claimed the working classes would begin to resent how much power was had over them and revolt. At that point, the powerful people would stop the revolution by giving the rebels a little of what they demanded to curb them. For example, there was a move to encourage people to read more political literature. Communists used this to provoke revolution through leaflets and articles. The Government automatically put a large tax on all forms of literature, resulting in an underground illegal press. Within time though, the government lifted the tax and promoted the reading and publishing of cheap magazines, which distracted people from the political literature, therefore no one read the communists provocations. So, Marx's ideas had been supported and followed by many, but the revolution they all predicted and encouraged never happened. Why? The working classes never revolted because the industrial revolution meant increased prosperity to all. Marx expected more solidarity among the working classes than there actually was and this stratification meant that revolution was never fully supported. Education at this time was limited. Children would attend Sunday schools and learn to read. There were also ‘Bell Schools' in which educated pupils would teach each other. These children would then go home to their (probably illiterate) parents and read to them, thus the parents learning as well as the children. Better education meant new technology was being developed. The printing press was introduced in the late 1860s, this resulting in many forms of writing being freely available. Not only news, but entertaining stories like ‘Penny Dreadfuls' that became very popular among the working classes. The Education Act of 1870 meant that education was available to all people whatever their class all over the country. Mass literacy ensued and more and more reading materials were being produced to entertain and inform. Literacy has had a massive effect on the way we live and how we learn and the availability of education is so huge compared to those a hundred years ago. Although mass literacy was an extremely important development in our culture and its effects are colossal, there are other ways in which popular culture affects learning in societytoday. Advances in education meant more technology was being invented. Music was becoming more and more inventive as time went on because of the new ways of producing it and publicising it. The advent of music halls was a very important step in social development. Before the industrial revolution, the workers would often drink habitually throughout the days while working the land. When they moved to the cities and worked in the factories, obviously drinking was not tolerated. Urbanisation meant that all had more money to spend because of their pay in the cities, therefore more money to spend on alcohol. This meant that the workers would come home and drink the equal amount they would have over the day while on the farms, in one evening. Drinking created social decline, causing a large spread of violent drunken behaviour, rape, domestic abuse, child negligence etc, prompting the authorities to provide evening entertainment for the working classes, to prevent the boredom and the need to drink. Thus, the music halls were born. Music halls were popular all over Britain, and drew in both the working classes and the upper classes to shows involving many different types of people singing patriotic songs or amusing acts, often by women. A famous example of performer was Vesta Tilley. Tilley would often impersonate men, mainly ‘pencil pushers', the middle-class men who worked in offices and the like. Tilley would dress in drag, and impersonate and ridicule these type of people, much to the amusement of the working class people who often detested these type of people. Tilley's most famous song was ‘Burlington Bertie'. As WW11 began, music changed within society. Patriotic songs like ‘Pack up your troubles in your old kit bag' and ‘Jerusalem' were very popular as was all uplifting nationalist music at the time. The Frankfurt School This was a group set up in 1923 mainly made up of Jewish intellectuals threatened by the Nazis. With beliefs similar to Gramsci's they believed that the working classes had been ‘pacified' into accepting capitalism by ‘Commodity Fetishism' (the creation of false needs. The most famous three members of the Franfurt school were arguably Adorno (1903-1969), Max Horkheimer (1895-1973) and Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979). Adorno devised many theories concerning popular culture, many of which are still used today. In Dominic Strinati's work An Introduction To Theories Of Popular Culture, features a quote from Adorno giving his view on popular culture and the way in which it is used. ‘In all its branches, products which are tailored for the consumption by masses, and which to a great extent determine the nature of that consumption, are manufactured more or less according to plan†¦ This is made possible by contemporary technical capabilities as well as by economic and administrative concentration. The culture industry intentionally integrates its consumers from above. To the detriment of both it forces together the spheres of high and low art, separated for thousands of years. The seriousness of high art is destroyed in speculation about its efficacy; the seriousness of the lower perishes with the civilisational constraints imposed on the rebellious resistance inherent within it as long as social control was not yet total. Thus, although the culture industry undeniably speculates on the conscious and unconscious state of the millions towards which it is directed, the masses are not primary but secondary, they are an object of calculation, an appendage o f the machinery. The customer is not king, as the culture industry would have us believe, not its subject but its object'. (Adorno. Strinati D. 2004..) This indicates the belief that the authorities within the culture industry shape culture in Britain through the search for profit. Adorno believed that the power lay within the culture industry and its products encouraged compliance and consensus. Adorno was very interested in music. Classically trained, he used is knowledge in the field and compared it with the modern music of the time. Popular music was completely different to the classical style he had be taught. He said that in popular music, ‘the beginning of the chorus is replaceable by the beginning of the innumerable other choruses†¦.. every detail is substitutable; it serves its function only as a cog in a machine.' Adorno maintained that this is different to in classical music where the music provides ‘a musical sense from the totality of the piece and its place within that totality.' Adorno believed that popular music was in no way creative or intuitive, merely ‘to please the masses.' At the time of Adorno, dramatic changes in popular music were happening. The 1950s brought about the uprising of the ‘teenager'. Artists such as Buddy Holly were idolised, American music being a strong upcoming force at this time. Musicians used not only their music to sell their records, but their appearances and attitude also. The rapidly altering types of music were a big worry to the government of the time. Many complaints were filed against many album covers and performances. Elvis for example was filmed from the waist up so his rotating hips were not broadcast! There were calls to ban many songs and particular album covers, like the cover of the Mamas and Papas album ‘If You Can Believe Your Eyes And ears', in which the band are shown in a bath together fully dressed. Record companies were forced to sign less ‘controversial' bands like The Monkees. Music has developed dramatically since. Bands such as The Clash promoted rebellious attitudes towards authority, as did the Sex Pistols, whose song God Save The Queen was banned by Radio One upon its release. A recent band who follow this theme are Anti-Flag who's most famous song ‘Fuck Police Brutality', is a blatant attack at the authorities of the country. Bands such as these are now very popular, their songs and attitudes being imitated by its listeners. These attitudes have spawned a variety of fashions, often involving the wearing of black hoodies, piercings and coloured hair. This is seen as a statement against society, a rebellion against conformity. Artists such as Eminem have come under serious criticism, charged with endorsing drug use and bad language. Emiem alone has been blamed on numerous occasions for behavioural problems children have allegedly developed after to listening to his records. One child committed suicide in the early nineties, his death blamed on Eminem's music. An alternative fashion trend has been born from black music, specifically rap. This involves the wearing of tracksuits, trainers, large gold chains and caps. Although this is merely a way of dressing, this type of outfit is often perceived by the general public as disruptive, indicating the person is a troublemaker, often being turned away from particular institutions for example clubs on account of their dress. Snoop Dogg, an American rap artist at the Live8 concert recently swore repeatedly both during his songs and between them, all at about lunchtime in front of millions of people both at the gig and watching on television around the world. Criticised heavily for this, he received a massive fine from the organisers of the event and forced to publicly apologise. Some claim that music such as his is very damaging to children and should not be released, let alone promoted. The governments of today are more lenient when allowing records from such bands to be released, but parental advisory stickers are put on if there is but one expletive within the record, and this means the record can not be sold to persons under the age of fifteen. With the invention of music videos, there have been many complaints concerning the content. A lot of modern music, especially music of black origin like r'n'b releases videos involving sexual scenes. This has caused outrage and has forced many videos to be scrapped completely, edited or blurred when shown. For example, the punk band Blink 182's video for the song ‘I Miss You' released in 2001 involved scenes of lesbianism and voyeur. These scenes were edited out, then the video was eventually taken off the television because of the amounts of complaints received about it. A very famous and recent example of prohibition by the government involving music videos is the infamous ‘Crazy Frog' song by Axel F. The video showed an animation of a frog dancing. The frog was naked and, although no distinctive genitalia were present, the Advertising Standards Committee received thousands of complaints from parents stating it was too explicit to be shown before watershed. The video was then edited, the aforesaid area blurred and allowed to be broadcast only after watershed (9pm.) The actions of governments when looking at the way they manipulate the music industry can be clarified when looking at Gramsci's hegemony model. The definition of hegemony by Gramsci: ‘A cultural and ideological means whereby the dominant groups in society, including fundamentally but not exclusively the ruling class, maintain their dominance by securing the ‘spontaneous consent' of subordinate groups, including the working class. This is achieved by the negotiated construction of a political and ideological consensus which incorporates both dominant and dominated groups'. (Strinati, D 2004). This definition indicates to us that the authorities according to Gramsci, prohibit the uprising of the lower classes through bowdlerization, restrictions and censorship. This is apparent when looking at popular music, and the radio. Radio Caroline was a pirate radio station set up in the 1960s by a group of people who rebelling against the strict control the government had over the music broadcast on the radio. To stop prosecution, Radio Caroline was broadcast from the sea off the shores of Britain so as to avoid breaking the law. Radio Caroline broadcast rock'n'roll, and music genres that the younger audiences would appreciate, music which was censored and restricted by the government, receiving little airtime. The government retorted by making the listening to Radio Caroline illegal, but this was ineffective, so they produced a new radio station called Radio One. This was obviously still controlled by the government, but played the popular music that Radio Caroline did. This is a strong example of hegemony, showing how the government changes its policies to give the impression that the public have got what they wanted, but still having that underpinning control. I conclude that popular music has had and continues to have massive influence on society today. Music such as ‘Jerusalem' around the time of the world wars was uplifting and gave people hope in the terrible times they lived through while the war was happening. In the 1950s, music changed dramatically and brought about certain fashion trends, some seen as damaging, but overall just another cultural change. Nowadays, music is less regulated, but we are still prevented from listening to particular types of music at certain ages, indicating the continuation of censorship enforced by the government. Hegemony in music is very apparent, a prime example being the banning of Radio Caroline and the censorship involved in the music industry today. I feel society has developed through music, as new music is born; new technology to improve it follows and so on. Music brings joy and entertainment, a medium through which thoughts are expressed and ideas are publicised. I feel that the censorship of music is meaningless, because as we develop as people, we can learn to accept maybe aggressive lyrics or offensive videos and tolerate them as just another part of someone's culture. Through music we learn and to censor our music is to stifle our growth as human beings.

One Stair Up Analysis Essays

One Stair Up Analysis Essays One Stair Up Analysis Essay One Stair Up Analysis Essay Stylistic Analysis of the Text ONE STAIR UP By C. Nairne Nairne Campbell is a Scottish novelist, the author of two books One Stair Up (1932) and Stony Ground (1934), who wrote about Scottish working class families in a realistic manner. The extract from the book â€Å"One Stair Up† by C. Nairne depicts the man and woman who visited a cinema and had different views on the film that they had seen due to their diverse perception. There is also a description of the cinema-world as a pastime of the people from working class. The composition falls in three parts: the way to Rosa and Andrew’s dress circle as a plot, the common expression of the audience about the film and a comic performance as a sequence of events and the characters’ short discussion of the show as a denouement. The type of presentation is author’s narrative. Narrative proper is the narrative compositional form. The vocabulary consists of the neutral words, some colloquials due to the dialogues (e. . : swell kid, chap, chap, hot stuff, cackling, cos, gee, big picture), dialect word Och, barbarisms such as corridor, silhouette, also bookish words such as emerged, glanced, admitted, glared, acquaintances, voluptuous, contemptuous, etc. There are many compound words tea-spoon, bulls-eye, dress . circle, background, pot-plants, rapid-fire, heart-searing, heart-throbs, thrill-thirsty, heart-string, water-butt, mix-up, hard-worked. Author also uses some word-combinations and phrases sink into stillness, be unaccustomed to smth, to be too funny for words, to be cut short, moved by pity, to put up with which are direct and indirect in meaning to make the vocabulary more impressive. There are short, one-member and interrupted sentences (â€Å"This a comedy? † â€Å"But if you dont like it - â€Å" ) usually used in dialogues to underline the colloquial character. Onomatopoeia – cackling, whirring, murmur; framing – you couldnt see anybody else, and they couldnt see you; repetition – expanded and expanded, anaphora – It It It was It was It was ; inversion – What a baby he is ; allusion – Peter Pan, Minnie Haha; simile – carpet of some green material that yielded like springing turf; epithets: voluptuous stillness, rapid-fire drama, heart-searing tale, thrill-thirsty young bloods, hot darkness; metaphors: young blood, hot stuff, region of luxury, shower of stars, metonymy: audience got up and pushed out to the exits; synecdoche: faces glared at them, faces moved together. The author’s style is florid, over-abused of epithets, emotional, emotive, sometimes energetic, sometimes pathetic. He uses protagonists stream of consciousness to depict the characters. He doesn’t judge the figures by himself, but deliberately by the vivid description of their actions. C. Nairne wanted to show the conflict in society of that time through Rosa who desired to be one step up the other people, but indeed was the same girl from the working-class family in Edinburg.

Andrew And The Mind

Andrew And The Mind Andrew and the Mind "Bicentennial Man" was written by Isaac Asimov to celebrate America's bicentennial in 1976. Originally planned as the first in a three part series, the story ended up as a standalone piece. We are all better off, as it stands "Bicentennial Man" is perhaps the greatest science fiction piece written. However, the question before us is not whether or not this is a great story, that much is obvious, the question is "does Andrew have a mind?" I would argue that Andrew certainly has a mind. He could certainly pass the Turing test as well as overcome the Chinese room problem. He fulfills Searle's criteria that only certain types of machines can think, mainly ones with internal causal powers. Andrew also displays several characteristics that are only ascribed to human minds. With all this evidence, it is evident that Andrew did, in fact, have a mind.Andrew most definitely has a mind.Andrew Jacobs / 20070811.10D.44748 / SML SkydiveFirstly, Andrew could pass the Turing test . The Turing test, devised by A. M. Turing, is the definitive test for determining whether or not a machine has mind. The test, called by Turing the "Imitation Game," consists of 3 players. One player is an interrogator and the other two, being of opposite sex, are placed in a separate room. The object of the game is for the interrogator to determine which player is the female and which is the male. Extrapolating the game out to include a human and a computer, the object then becomes which player is human and which is a computer. The key for the computer is to be able to imitate human behavior. Now, if Andrew was placed in the room, could he successfully imitate human behavior? Yes, he could, and did. While Asimov's characters are not real people, they...

Comparing bluetooth technology and infrared Essay

Comparing bluetooth technology and infrared - Essay Example The following paper analyses the relative advantages of all three. Bluetooth is an always-on, short-range radio based technology that resides on a microchip. Controlled and moderated by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, this short range wireless communication technology started off as a utility to enable laptop users to make calls via a mobile phone. It was commissioned by the mobile phone company Ericsson but soon started spreading. The concept behind the technology is fairly simple. It uses a 2.4 GHz band to connect blue tooth devices that may be within ten meters of each other to share at up to 720 Kbps (How Bluetooth Works). This technology can operate with many users to create a piconet, further networks of which allow larger communication. Safety and privacy is assured through encoding each link, thus not allowing third parties to access the data being transferred without the relevant PIN code or authorization. As a radio broadcast communication system is being utilized here, line of sight communication is not a problem in the case of Blu etooth technology. This leads to many possible applications of this technology. First of all wireless communication between various devices such as personal computers in small network or between mobile phones or between a personal computer and its connecting devices such as mouse and keyboard can be employed. This leads to easy communication without the use of long wires that can easily occupy useful space and is unseemly to the eyes and in cramped computer rooms. Game consoles use this technology to allow communication between the processing machine and the controllers. Dial-up internet facility on Personal Digital Assistants makes use of Bluetooth as well. Seeing the range of applications of this technology, one can surmise that it has some obvious benefits. First of all, it replaces serial equipment making use of wires spreading everywhere and allows easy communication with devices near it. There is the further advantage of mobility, where the user is not required to be tethered to the electronic device to be able to use a Bluetooth active device. Such practical advantages make its use worthwhile and convenient. Unlike the Infra Red technology discussed later, it does not require the connecting devices to be in line of sight which gives it an advantage in terms of range over Infra red enable devices. However, there are many disadvantages as well. As many applications as it has, Microsoft chose to not include Bluetooth support in its new operating system as it claimed there were still not many Bluetooth enables devices that required Windows support (How Bluetooth Works). This limits its uses for personal computer users who make use of the Windows operating system. Furthermore, the microchip that is required for Bluetooth technology can be labeled relatively expensive. This presents a challenge to its use in mobile phones which are hugely competitive in terms of prices and companies may see costs rising. This diminishes its extended use by the mobile phone industry unless its cost drops. There is also the problem of security. A number of weaknesses have been pointed out in Bluetooth's pin number based production of a device's initiation key. This can lead to possible cracks in security, allowing a third

Case Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Problem - Essay Example Such a business case demonstrates yet again how statistics can be used to reduce uncertainty. In particular, simulation modeling enables quantification of events and outcomes with varying probabilities. Previewing all possible outcomes with unknown probabilities of occurrence helps to assess potential costs and benefits. Monte Carlo simulation is one such procedure that applies (Doane & Seward, 2007; Stout, 2007). These parameters require the use of a uniform model, where RV values vary within a given range with no central tendency or standard deviation assumed. For the first step of estimating randomly varying demand, the result of 52 iterations of revenue simulations (see Table 1 below) yields a somewhat skewed distribution with a mean of $540 daily, a median of $542 and a standard deviation of $184. Gross annual revenue before simulating the effect of mechanical breakdown would be $28,109. This is the baseline. Next, we factor in the incidence of breakdowns and the lead time for repair. We employ the RAND function to estimate the probability that the copier will be trouble-free all days of the week (instead of defining as â€Å"6 times the square root of r†). For the first week in the all-year iterations, therefore, the RAND value of 0.487 translates to a probability that the main copier will break down after just three days of operation. That same week, repair lead time is calculated using the VLOOKUP function based on the same column of RAND values. Since RAND=0.487 is lower than the 0.65 cumulative probability associated with two days’ repair lead time, the VLOOKUP function returns 1 day. Hence, revenue loss for the week comes to gross revenue times the proportion of 7 days that the main copier can reliably be predicted to